• • • The connection between music and politics, particularly political expression in song, has been seen in many cultures. Although music influences political movements and rituals, it is not clear how or to what extent general audiences relate to music on a political level. Music can express or protest themes, including, but pro-establishment ideas are also represented, for example, in national anthems, patriotic songs, and political campaigns. Many of these types of songs could be described as. Songs can be used to portray a specific political message. However, there may be barriers to the transmission of such messages; even overtly political songs are often shaped by and reference their contemporary political context, making an understanding of the history and events that inspired the music necessary in order to fully comprehend the message. The nature of that message can also be ambiguous because the label 'political music' can be applied either to songs that merely observe political subjects, songs which offer a partisan opinion, or songs which go further and advocate for specific political action.

Thus a distinction has been made, for example, between the use of music as a tool for raising awareness, and music as advocacy. Furthermore, some forms of music may be deemed political by cultural association, irrespective of political content, as evidenced by the way pop/rock bands such as were censored by the in the in the 1960s and 1970s, while being embraced by younger people as symbolic of social change. This points to the possibilities for discrepancy between the political intentions of musicians (if any), and reception of their music by wider society. Conversely, there is the possibility of the meaning of deliberate political content being missed by its intended audience, reasons for which could include obscurity or delivery of message, or audience indifference or antipathy. It is difficult to predict how audiences will respond to political music, in terms of aural or even visual cues. For example, Bleich and Zillmann found that 'counter to expectations, highly rebellious students did not enjoy defiant rock videos more than did their less rebellious peers, nor did they consume more defiant rock music than did their peers', suggesting there may be little connection between behaviour and musical taste. Pedelty and Keefe argue that 'It is not clear to what extent the political messages in and around music motivate fans, become a catalyst for discussion, [or] function aesthetically'.

One for All is the debut album by American hip hop group Brand Nubian. It was released by Elektra Records on December 4, 1990. The album was highly acclaimed for its politically charged and socially conscious content. Sales never matched the wide acclaim — the album has only sold 350,000 copies as of May. SKEFF ANSELM Compilation 01. Intelligent Hoodlum - 'Mad Brothas Know His Name' (Remix) [1992, 'Mad Brothas' 12' EP] 02. Brand Nubian - 'Concerto in X Minor' (Remix) (1990, 'All For One' 12') 03. MC Serch - 'Hits The Head' (1992, 'Return of the.

However, in contrast they cite research that concludes, based on interpretive readings of lyrics and performances with a strong emphasis on historical contexts and links to social groups, that 'given the right historical circumstances, cultural conditions, and aesthetic qualities, popular music can help bring people together to form effective political communities'. Recent research has also suggested that in many schools around the world, including in modern democratic nations, has sometimes been used for the ideological purpose of instilling in children, and that particularly during wartime patriotic singing can escalate to inspire destructive. As plato said ‘musical innovation is full of danger to the whole state, and ought to be prohibited. When modes of music change, the fundamental laws of the state always change with them.’ although this was written as a warning this can be taken as a revolutionary statement that music is much more than just melodies and harmonies but a much more important movement in the life of all human beings.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Folk music [ ] American folk revival [ ] The song ' is perhaps the best-known example of political, in this case a rallying-cry for the. Was involved in the popularisation of the song, as was.

During the early part of the 20th century, poor working conditions and lead to the growth of the and numerous songs advocating social and political reform. The most famous songwriter of the early 20th century ' was. Later, from the 1940s through the 1960s, groups like the and were influential in reviving this type of socio-political music. 's 'This Land Is Your Land' is one of the most famous American folk songs and its lyrics exemplify Guthrie's patriotism.

Pete Seeger's ', was a popular anti-war. Many of these types of songs became popular during the Vietnam War era., by, was a hit for, and suggested that a younger generation was becoming more aware of global problems than many of the older generation. In 1964, Joan Baez had a top-ten hit in the UK with ' (by ); it was a plea for the innocent victim of prejudice or inhumane policies. Many topical songwriters with social and political messages emerged from the of the 1960s, including Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Phil Ochs,,,,, and others.

The folk revival can be considered as a political re-invention of traditional song, a development encouraged by -leaning folk record labels and magazines such as and. The revival began in the 1930s and continued after. Folk songs of this time gained popularity by using old hymns and songs but adapting the lyrics to fit the current social and political conditions. Archivists and artists such as, and Woody Guthrie were crucial in popularising folk music, and the latter began to be known as the Lomax singers.

This was an era of folk music in which some artists and their songs expressed clear political messages with the intention of swaying public opinion and recruiting support. In the, and performed similar roles, with Lloyd as folklorist and MacColl (often with ) releasing dozens of albums which blended traditional songs with newer political material influenced by their activism. In the later, post-war revival, folk music found a new audience with college students, partly since universities provided the organisation necessary for sustaining music trends and an expanded, impressionable audience looking to rebel against the older generation. Nevertheless, the rhetoric of the United States government during the era was very powerful and in some ways overpowered the message of folk artists, such as in relation to public opinion regarding Communist-backed political causes. Various Gallup Polls that were conducted during this time suggest that Americans consistently saw Communism as a threat; for example, a 1954 poll shows that at the time 51% of Americans said that admitted Communists should be arrested, and in relation to music 64% of respondents said that if a radio singer is an admitted Communist he should be fired. Leading figures in the American folk revival such as Seeger, and were or had been members of the, while others such as Guthrie (who had written a column for CPUSA magazine ), and were considered.

As began to dominate the United States population and government, it was more difficult for folk artists to travel and perform since folk was pushed out of mainstream music. Artists were blacklisted, denounced by and the media, and in the case of the 1949, subject to mob attack. In general, the significance of lyrics within folk music reduced as it became influenced. However, during the popular folk revival's last phase in the early 1960s, new folk artists such as Bob Dylan and Phil Ochs began writing their own, original topical music, as opposed to mainly adapting traditional folksong. Blues and black American music [ ] Blues songs have the reputation of being resigned to fate rather than fighting against misfortune, but there have been exceptions.

Recorded protest song 'Poor Man Blues' in 1928. Recorded 'When Am I Going to be Called a Man' in 1936 - at this time it was common for white men to address black men as 'boy' - before releasing two albums of explicitly political material, 1940's Chain Gang and 1941's Southern Exposure - An Album of Jim Crow Blues. Lead Belly's 'Bourgeois Blues' and 's 'Black, Brown and White' (aka 'Get Back') protested racism. Recorded and popularised the song ' in 1939. Written by Communist, and also recorded by Josh White and, it addressed racism, specifically the lynching of African-Americans, and was performed as a protest song in New York venues, including.

In the post-war era, gained a reputation for political and social comment; his record label pulled the planned release of 1954 single 'Eisenhower Blues' due to its title and later material protested civil rights, racism and the Vietnam War. John Lee Hooker also sang 'I Don't Wanna Go To Vietnam' on 1969 album Simply the Truth. Paul Robeson, singer, actor, athlete, and civil rights activist, was investigated by the and was called before the (HUAC) for his outspoken.

The denied Robeson a passport and issued a 'stop notice' at all ports, effectively confining him to the United States. In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban, labour unions in the U.S. And Canada organised a concert at the International on the border between state and the Canadian province of on May 18, 1952. Robeson stood on the back of a flat bed truck on the U.S. Side of the border and performed a concert for a crowd on the Canadian side, variously estimated at between 20,000 and 40,000 people.

He returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953, and over the next two years two further concerts were scheduled. Disco, unlike popular opinion, originated in Black queer communities and offered these communities a form of salvation or safe haven from the social turmoil during the 70s in the Bronx and other parts of New York. It was agreed by many members pertinent in the Disco scene that the music was about love and the vitality in “absorbing the feeling,” but the question regarding its political statements received mixed responses. Although the songs themselves may not have explicitly made political claims, it’s important to note that disco, for many, was a “form of escape” and noted a “dissolve of restrictions on black/gay people.” The spirit of the 60s as well as the experience of Vietnam and black/gay liberation spurred this almost frenzied energy pertinent in these discotheques. Not only did discotheques allow marginalized individuals an opportunity to express their sexuality and appreciate one another’s diversity, they had the ability to influence popular music. Although once mutually exclusive, discotheques allowed for the coming together of black music and pop; this displays how disco music not only led to a social appreciation for diversity, but offered a platform on which Black artists could succeed.

The eventual commercialization of disco is what set in motion its doom. This new commodified disco, very different than its diverse and queer roots, idealized the white individual and favored heteronormative relations. Repair Mov Files Osx Torrent.

This not only allowed for the roots of such a diverse movement to be lost, but the erasure of the liberation and escapism it offered many minorities. Contemporary Western folk music [ ] Although public attention shifted to from the mid 1960s, folk singers such as Joan Baez and Tom Paxton continued to address political concerns in their music and activism. Baez's 1974 album was a response to in and included versions of songs by singer-songwriters and. Lrp Quantum Pro Reverse Manual Valve. Paxton albums such as Outward Bound and Morning Again continued to highlight political issues.

They were joined by other activist musicians such as,,,,, and more recently. In, the is perhaps the best known band in the folk protest/ tradition, recording political material since the late 1960s including songs by on albums such as and has also recorded much political material, including on debut solo album, produced by and featuring songs by Dominic Behan, and on albums such as (including '), and various artists LP to which Moore contributed 'Ninety Miles from Dublin', in response to the prisoners' of the late 1970s. Earlier in the decade, had held the for five weeks in 1972 with their first release ', about, with all profits going to the families of internees; label R&O Records likewise released several records around this time to fundraise for the same cause, including the live album Smash Internment, recorded in, and The Wolfhounds' recording of 's '. In the UK, the Ewan MacColl tradition of political folk has been continued since the 1960s by singer-songwriters such as, and.

Since the 1980s, a number of artists have blended folk protest with influences from and elsewhere to produce topical and political songs for a modern audience, including,,,,,, and more recently and. Folk music around the world [ ] Folk music had a strong connection with politics internationally., for instance, experimented with a form of liberal Communism in the late era, which was reflected in much of their folk music. During the late twentieth century was crucial in,, and as it allowed ethnicities to express their national identity in a time of political uncertainty and chaos. In Communist, exclusively national music was promoted. A flautist named Zhao Songtim - a member of the Zhejiang Song-and-Dance Troupe - attended an Arts festival in 1957 in Mexico but was punished for his international outlook by being expelled from the Troupe, and from 1966 to 1970 underwent 're-education'. In 1973 he returned to the Troupe but was expelled again following accusations.

An example of folk music being used for conservative, rather than radical, political ends is shown by the cultural activities of, a chief who dedicated part of his career to in the and Vietnam. Lansdale believed that the government's best weapon against Communist rebellion was the support and trust of the population. In 1953 he arranged for the release of a campaign song widely credited with helping to elect Philippine president, an important anti-communist ally.

In 1965, intrigued by local Vietnamese customs and traditions, and the potential use of 'applied folklore' as a technique of raising consciousness, he began to record and curate tapes of folk songs for intelligence purposes. He also urged performers such as to write and perform patriotic songs to raise morale in South Vietnam. Duy had written topical songs popular during the but then broke with the Communist-dominated. Rock music [ ] Many rock artists, as varied as,,,,,,,,,, and have had openly political messages in their music. The use of political lyrics and the taking of political stances by rock musicians can be traced back to the, specifically the influence of the early career of Bob Dylan, itself shaped by the politicised. 1960s–70s counterculture [ ] During the 1960s and early 1970s counterculture era, musicians such as commonly expressed protest themes in their music, for example on the 's 1969 single '.

Lennon later devoted to politics and wrote the song, widely considered to be a peace anthem. Its lyrics invoke a world without religion, national borders or private property. In 1962-63, sang about the evils of war, racism and poverty on his trademark political albums ' and ' (released in 1964), popularising the cause of the Civil Rights Movement. Dylan was influenced by the folk revival, as well as by the writers, and the political beliefs of the young generation of the era. In turn, while Dylan's political phase comes under the 'folk' category, he was known as a rock artist from 1965 and remained associated with an anti-establishment stance that influenced other musicians - such as the bands - and the rock music audience, by broadening the spectrum of subjects that could be addressed in popular song.

The (Motor City 5) came out of the, underground scene of the late 1960s, and embodied an aggressive evolution of which was often fused with socio-political and countercultural lyrics, such as in the songs 'Motor City Is Burning', (a cover adapting the story of the to the ), and 'American Ruse' (which discusses U.S. As well as,, and ). They had ties to groups such as and 's. MC5 was the only band to perform a set before the in, as part of the ' where an infamous riot subsequently broke out between police and students protesting the recent of and the. Other rock groups that conveyed specific political messages in the late 1960s/early 1970s - - include,,,, and, while some bands, such as The Beatles, and, referenced political issues occasionally and in a more observational than engaged way, e.g. In songs like ', ', ' and '.

Punk rock [ ]. Main article: Notable punk rock bands, such as,,,,,,,,,,,, and have used political and sometimes controversial lyrics that attack the establishment, sexism, capitalism, racism, speciesism, colonialism, and other phenomena they see as sources of social problems. Since the late 1970s, has been associated with various left-wing or anti-establishment ideologies, including and. Punk's held an attraction for some on the, suggesting affinity with the ideals of, and empowerment of the powerless (though it is arguable that the punk movement's partial focus on apathy towards the establishment, combined with the fact that in many situations, punk rock music generated income for major record companies, and the notable similarities between some strains of anarchism and capitalism, meant that the punk movement ran contrary to left-wing ideologies) - and the genre as a whole came, largely through the, to be associated with anarchism. The sincerity of the early punk bands has been questioned - some critics saw their referencing of revolutionary politics as a provocative pose rather than an ideology - but bands such as and later emerged who held strong anarchist views, and over time this association strengthened, as they went on to influence other bands in the UK and US, respectively.

The Sex Pistols song ' was banned from broadcast by the BBC in due to its presumed anti-, partly due to its apparent equation of the monarchy with a 'fascist regime'. The following year, the release of debut Crass album was initially obstructed when pressing plant workers refused to produce it due to sacrilegious lyrical content. Crass later faced court charges of obscenity related to their album, as the Dead Kennedys later did over their album artwork. Are regarded as pioneers of political punk, and were seen to represent a progressive, socialistic worldview compared to the apparently anti-social or attack of many early punk bands. Partly inspired by 1960s protest music such as the MC5, their stance influenced other first and second wave punk/ bands such as,,,, and, and inspired a lyrical focus on subjects such as,,, and police violence, as well as. Partially credited with aligning punk and, The Clash's anti-racism helped to cement punk's anti-fascist politics, and they famously headlined the first joint (RAR)/ (ANL) carnival in,, in April 1978. The RAR/ANL campaign is credited with helping to destroy the UK as a credible political force, aided by the support received from punk and reggae bands.

Many punk musicians, such as (), (), (),,,,, and have held and expressed left-wing views. Dead Kennedys singer, as well as frontman, have run as candidates for public office under left-wing platforms. However, some punk bands have expressed more and opinions, and an ambiguous form of, beginning in the U.S with many of the groups associated with 1980s, and prior to that in the UK with a small section of the movement. An extremely small minority of punk rock bands, exemplified by (1980s-era) and, have held and stances, and were consequently reviled in the broader, largely Leftist punk subculture.

Rock the Vote [ ] is an American, organization founded in Los Angeles in 1990 by Jeff Ayeroff for the purposes of political advocacy. Rock the Vote works to engage youth in the political process by incorporating the entertainment community and youth culture into its activities. Rock the Vote's stated mission is to 'build the political clout and engagement of young people in order to achieve progressive change in our country.' Hip hop [ ] Hip hop music has been associated with protest since 1982, when ' by became known as the first prominent rap record to make a serious “social statement”. However the first political rap release has been credited to Brother D and the Collective Effort’s 1980 single “How We Gonna Make the Black Nation Rise?” which called the USA a “police state” and rapped about historical injustices such as slavery and ethnic cleansing.

Later in the decade hip hop band became 'perhaps the most well-known and influential political rap group' and released a series of records whose message and success 'directed hip-hop toward an explicitly self-aware, pro-black consciousness that became the culture's signature throughout the next decade,' helping to inspire a wave of politicised hip hop by artists such as,,, and. Popular music [ ] Popular music found throughout the world contains political messages such as those concerning social issues and racism. For example, Lady Gaga's song has often been known as the international gay anthem, as it discusses homosexuality in a positive light and expresses the idea that it is natural. Furthermore, the natural disaster of received a great political response from the community.

The content of the music changed into a response showing the complex dynamic of the community, especially the black community, while also acting a sometimes contradictory protest of how the disaster was handled in the aftermath. This topic even reached beyond the locality of New Orleans, as the issue of the disaster and racism was mentioned by other rappers from other regions of the country. Racist music [ ]. Not to be confused with.

Racist music or is music associated with and promoting and ideologies. Although point out that many, if not most early cultures had songs to promote themselves and denigrate any perceived enemies, the origins of Racist music is traced to the 1970s. By 2001 there were many music genres with 'white power rock' the most commonly represented band type, followed. 'Racist country music' is mainly an American phenomena while Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden have higher concentration of white power bands.

Other music genres include 'fascist experimental music' and 'racist folk music'. Contemporary white-supremacist groups include 'subcultural factions that are largely organized around the promotion and distribution of racist music.' According to the 'racist music is principally derived from the far-right skinhead movement and, through the internet, this music has become perhaps the most important tool of the international neo-Nazi movement to gain revenue and new recruits.' The news documentary News Special: Inside Hate Rock (2002) noted that Racist music (also called 'Hate music' and 'Skinhead rock') is 'a breeding ground for.' In 2004 a neo-Nazi record company launched 'Project Schoolyard' to distribute free CDs of the music into the hands of up to 100,000 teenagers throughout the U.S., their website stated, 'We just don't entertain racist kids We create them.' Brian Houghton, of the, said that Racist music was a great recruiting tool, 'Through music. To grab these kids, teach them to be racists and hook them for life.'

Country music [ ] American contains numerous images of ' life, family life, religious life, as well as patriotic themes. Songs such as 's ', and ' have been perceived as patriotic songs which contain an 'us versus them' mentality directed at the ' and the crowd, though these were actually misconceptions by listeners who failed to understand their satirical nature.

Classical music [ ] 's was originally called 'Bonaparte'. In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor, whereupon Beethoven rescinded the dedication. The symphony was renamed 'Heroic Symphony composed to Celebrate the Memory of a Great Man'.

[ ] 's chorus of Hebrew slaves in the opera is a kind of rallying-cry for Italians to throw off the yoke of Austrian domination (in the north) and French domination (near Rome)—the 'Risorgimento'. Following unification, Verdi was awarded a seat in the national parliament. [ ] Richard Taruskin of the University of California accused of 'romanticizing terrorists' in his opera (1991).

[ ] In the Soviet Union [ ] (The Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians) was formed in the early 1920s. In 1929 Stalin gave them his backing. Had dedicated his first symphony to Mikhail Kvardi.

In 1929 Kvardi was arrested and executed. In an article in The Worker and the Theatre, Shostakovich's The Tahitit Trot (from the ballet The Golden Age) was criticised; Ivan Yershov claimed it was part of 'ideology harmful to the proletariat'. Shostakovich's response was to write his third symphony, The First of May (1929) to express 'the festive mood of peaceful construction'. Wrote music to order for the Soviet Union, including Cantata for the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution (1937).

's ballet Spartacus (1954/6) concerns gladiator slaves who rebel against their former Roman masters. It was seen as a metaphor for the overthrow of the Czar. [ ] Similarly Prokofiev's music for the film concerns the invasion of Teutonic knights into the Baltic States. It was seen as a metaphor for the Nazi invasion of the USSR. [ ] In general Soviet music was neo-romantic while Fascist music was neo-classical. [ ] Music in Nazi Germany [ ] stated in 1930, 'I don't believe anyone venerates more than I'; however by 1943 Stravinsky was banned in Nazi Germany because he had chosen to live in the USA.

Beginning in 1940, 's cantata was performed at Nazi Party functions, and acquired the status of a quasi-official anthem. In 1933 Berlin Radio issued a formal ban on the broadcasting of jazz. However, it was still possible to hear swing music played by German bands. This was because of the moderating influence of, who knew the value of entertaining the troops. In the period 1933-45 the music of, a Jewish Austrian, virtually disappeared from the concert performances of the Berlin Philharmonic. 's opera Die Schweigsame Frau was banned from 1935 to 1945 because the librettist,, was a Jew. Further reading [ ] • (1962).

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• Dunson, Josh (1965). Freedom in the Air: Song Movements of the ‘60s, New York: International Publishers • (2006). Shostakovich studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. • Garofalo, R.

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On behalf of KOCO-TV, December 1, 2004. • Malone, Bill, 'Country Music U.S.A,' 2nd rev. (University of Texas Press, Austin, 2002), p.371. • article in the December 9, 2001, New York Times Arts and Leisure section • Shostakovich and Stalin by Solomon Volkov (2004) • Shostakovich Studies (1995) edited by David Fanning • (1988). Music in fascist Italy. New York: Norton.. • The Oxford History of Western Music, vol 4 (2005) by Richard Taruskin • Levi, Erik (1996).

Music in the Third Reich. New York: St. Martin's Press.. • Kater, Michael (1999), The Twisted Muse,, External links [ ] • • • by •, NPR interview with Barenboim and Edward Said, 28 December 2002 • by • • at •.